The official dating of the arrival of the first humans at
Rapa Nui – between 700 CE and 1100 CE – is not based on any genetic data but
exclusively on archaeological evidence. If Dr Schoch’s analysis of the island
is even slightly correct, it is also based on selective archaeological
evidence, whilst ignoring the sedimentation around the moai and lack of granite
quarries, as either of these would push the date back quite significantly.
Another example of this selective evidence would be the reliance on a change
from palm to grassland around 1200 CE – contiguous with the presumed first
arrival of the Polynesians – whilst ignoring the same palm-to-grassland change
that occurs at 450 BCE.
It may be the case that 100 CE was indeed when the first
people arrived at Rapa Nui. The hypothesis that Polynesian cultures were the
most likely to retain elements of the Sunda and Sahul cosmologies remains in
play. It is, however, considerably strengthened if it transpires the islands
have been, or were once, occupied significantly earlier. The reason for this is
Rapa Nuian star lore is astoundingly similar to the emergence of star lore with
the first ‘civilisations’ of the Near East and Indian subcontinent. It has the
highest degree of ritual overlap out of anywhere in the Pacific which could be
explained by using an earlier date of first settlement, contemporaneous with
the proposed influence on points west, after which point in time the Rapa
Nuians remained in the most splendid of isolations out of anywhere in
Polynesia. We shall return to this suggestion following an analysis of their
star lore.
Rapa Nui provides the best example in the Pacific of the use
of astronomy and star lore for reasons other than navigation. It was home to a
powerful priesthood who used their knowledge of observation of the stars to set
a yearly calendar of ritual and domestic activities. Most of the information
regarding the sacred astronomy of this priesthood was collected in the late
nineteenth and early twentieth century, probably the very last time any of
these practices remained in living memory, and sometimes only as remembrances
of tales told by grandparents. In fact, a lot of the star lore lay forgotten in
dusty boxes in the Royal Geographic Society until 1983, when the unpublished
field notes of ethnographer Katherine Routledge’s 1914–1919 studies were
located. She managed to find two elderly inhabitants who could allegedly read
some of the mysterious rongorongo script, although their description of the
meanings differs markedly.
Carved onto wooden tablets and seemingly kept in the
majority of Rapa Nui homes, this script was only first discovered by Europeans
in the 1860s, at which point missionary zeal led to the fiery destruction of
most of them. Now only a few dozen remain and many of these are scattered
across western museum collections. These tablets are a couple of centuries old
and likely copies of earlier tablets or carvings.
Currently undeciphered, the rongorongo glyphs repeat in a
way that leads some researchers to suggest they are or were sacred chants. But,
as we shall see, there is a good case to be made for suggesting these are
depictions of stars and sky phenomena. One interpretation does not preclude the
other, of course. Indeed, it seems likely they are sacred chants of star lore,
which is not at all without precedent across Polynesia.
Some of the symbols are very similar to glyphs found on
other Pacific islands, particularly in Hawaii and Micronesia. Quite
suggestively, there is also a stylistic overlap with the also undeciphered
Indus script. If these similarities are anything other than accidental, then
they may well point to a shared origin, perhaps even a Sundaland one. Even more
intriguingly, Dr Schoch sees similarities with both the Nazca Lines and
carvings found at Göbekli Tepe. For all of these to have a common origin, we
are indeed back in the early days of Southeast Asian colonisation, which is the
last time the ancestors of all these cultures were in the one place.
Returning to Katherine Routledge, she was told there were
several classes of astronomer priests, each trained to and then tasked with
recording the movements of specific asterisms, principally Orion, the Pleiades
and Sirius/Canis Major from certain ahu, or sacred platforms. Although the
earliest interpretation of these ahu were that they were aligned to solstices
and equinoxes (western antiquarians having a tendency to overemphasise the
sun), it turns out that those that do have sky alignments are better matches
for the rising of specific constellations. And it is those with stellar
alignments that are the best constructed out of all the ahu. Caves and natural
rocks were also used as observation points. One promontory on the Poike
Peninsula is called Papa ui hetu’u, ‘the rock for star-gazing.’ Near to the
promontory was a rock Routledge identified as having a cup hole ‘star map’ of
the Pleiades. Cup holes are common in megalithic sites across Western Europe and
also feature on the tops of the T-shaped pillars at Göbekli Tepe.
Like we find in Western Polynesia, the Eastern Polynesian
year began with the rising of the Pleiades, called Matariki. However in the
east, they are more explicit about what this entails. During Matariki, the gods
descended from the skyworld, ao, to mingle with humans in the realm of the
living, called kainga.
Matariki inaugurated the ‘bountiful season,’ called Hora
Nui. Beginning at this point and proceeding through the year, the ritual marking
of the annual cycle was called ‘the Work of the Gods.’ This calendar was lunar,
rather than solar, which is another overlap with early Indian culture. In order
of importance, the preeminent asterisms and constellations should be familiar
by now.
Orion
Orion has three separate names in Rapanui star lore. They
are Tautoru, the Three Handsome Ones, which are the belt stars; E tui, ‘The
Expelled,’ which is the constellation itself; and Tau ahu, ‘Beautiful
Firebrand,’ the name for Rigel and the wife of one of the belt stars. Along
with the Pleiades, Orion’s Belt was the most important asterism.
Immediately following the first lunar month of Hora Nui,
marked by the Pleiades’ arrival into the sky, was the lunar month of Ruti,
where Orion’s Belt was high in the sky and rituals were held to honour the
chiefs and ancestors. The next three months deal principally with the location
of the Pleiades and Orion’s Belt in the sky and their relationship to Mars,
Canopus and other important stellar objects. The month of Tara Hau, when the
Pleiades disappeared beneath the horizon, signalled a time of calamity for man
until the next Matariki festival in several months’ time. Again, this is
curiously redolent of Ancient Egypt.
Other Important Stars
Other stars, planets and constellations of significance
recur. Chief among them are Sirius, Te pou o te rangi, the Post of the Sky;
Canopus, Po roroa, the Great Darkness, used in conjunction with Orion’s Belt to
time the planting season; Mars, Matamea, Red Eye, observed from Routledge’s
observatory on Poike and probably considered a bad omen. Vega, Antares, Alpha
Centauri, Beta Centauri, Venus and Aldebaran were all named, tracked and
calendarised in the ‘Work of the Gods.’
Other Ritual Activity
Turmeric, which is native to southeast India, was made into
a body paint called renga during the Matariki festival. Offerings of turmeric
were also made to the high chief. If this is not an historical development –
which is unlikely – then we are left to wonder how a member of the Indian ginger
family ended up on the most isolated island on earth, more than half a world
away.
Rapa Nui’s astronomer-priests were known as tohunga. The
exact same word in Maori means expert or wise man, equivalent to the Hawaiian
kahuna. In New Zealand there were tohunga specialising in navigation, medicine,
stars, canoe building and so on. On Rapa Nui, it was the tohunga who read the
sacred chants of the rongorongo script. According to what Katherine Routledge
was told, these tohunga lived in circular stone towers called tupa. The
majority of these tupa are clustered in the northern part of the island, where
we also find ‘the rock for star-gazing’ and plenty of ahu. A 2010 Explorers
Club Flag Expedition to Rapa Nui found that all but one of these tupa had
entranceways that were oriented to a star or asterism in some way involved in
the ‘Work of the Gods.’ It may be that measurements were taken when the stars
appeared in the doorway or it may even have been a way of drawing down a
particular asterism into its tower. Again we immediately think of Egypt.
GATHERING UP THE STARS
What are we to make of Rapa Nui, then? It is apparently the
last island in Polynesia to have been colonised, as recently as only a thousand
or fifteen hundred years ago. Yet it has geological, archaeological and
potentially ritual evidence to suggest activity in much earlier times. Rapa Nui
may have been an outpost of the Nusantao Maritime Trading Network that arose
immediately after the end of the Ice Age. Or it may have even been a holy
island that was not permanently occupied and used as a sacred or holy site,
both before and after this point. Perhaps it was a combination of sacred site
and sailing stop-off point, never permanently occupied and visited at intervals
determined by the stars and the seasons, such as was the case with Göbekli
Tepe. One of the names for the island means ‘navel of the world,’ hinting it
may have had a ritual value far in excess of its comparatively meagre resource
value.
If such a scenario is accurate, it provides a ‘solve’ for
the otherwise incongruous data suggesting both very early and very late
occupation: it was a site that was used and known during a time when the sea
levels were much lower, then it was abandoned or the original inhabitants died
out. Then it was recolonised by the descendants of these first occupiers in the
first millennium CE and some of the remaining megalithic infrastructure, such
as the basalt moai, were repurposed.
Whatever the scenario, the island is the most challenging
and most rewarding place to look for where, in the words of Dr Oppenheimer survivors
of a sunken landmass may have ‘retained their original culture with the least
dilution.’
Right across Melanesia, Micronesia and Polynesia we have the
demonstrable continuity of Gondwana star lore being developed into a highly
sophisticated form of Laurasian astronomical knowledge used for navigation and
the precise measurement of a ritual year. We find the Gondwana/Laurasia
crossover of star lore in the same part of the world – Sunda and Sahul land –
where linguistic evidence records the first rise in cultural complexity since
we left Africa, which also seems to have stepped, pyramidal hills built before
the end of the Ice Age. This part of the world also has genetic, archaeological
and potentially linguistic links to the ‘first cilivisations’ of Harappa, Sumer
and Egypt, as well as probably South America (although we are now heading in
the opposite direction).
Over the last one hundred and fifty years, historians have
looked for singular, linear answers: cities started here. The people next door
learned from them and then built cities. Pyramids started there and then their
neighbours copied the form. This linearity simply does not match what we now
know about early human population movements or the ‘overlap analysis’ of world
mythology that points to much, much older shared origins of specific gods and
cosmologies. This book does not suggest that all culture and civilisation came
from the scattered survivors of Sundaland, setting out in ships to become the
world’s wisdom teachers. It seems increasingly clear that early communities
across Eurasia had hugely sophisticated cosmologies and even architectural
capacities by the end of the Ice Age, the original elements of which they may
have brought with them as human populations moved up into Eurasia and Europe
from South Asia during a brief warm period as the mtDNA evidence suggests.
Instead, this book suggests that survivors of the sinking of Sunda and Sahul
brought technological and magical techniques with them to populations across
central and western Asia that were already in situ and likely even had vaguely
recognisable pantheons and practices. It is also fairly likely that the Sunda
survivors knew of these scattered communities if the evidence for transoceanic
and transcontinental trade is considered.
Moving from Wendy Doniger’s microscope back to her
telescope, we find in the star lore of the Pacific a concept of divine kingship
descending from the night sky, the magic of immortality and human origin
associated with particular asterisms and the belief that actions or
architecture ‘below’ are in some way aligned with that which is ‘above.’
Even more than that, we have specific asterisms such as
Orion and even god names that recur in both description and magical function
for the next five thousand years. We can now posit that creating a map or
replica with specific points in the night sky, a concept we see executed
throughout dynastic Egypt and continuing into the hermetic traditions of the
Classical Age, seems to be a very long-lived one. The development of this star
map with ever more precision is, I believe, the ‘wisdom of the sages come down
to us from a time before the Flood,’ as it is commonly described. It grew in a
highly specific incubator: the interactions with the spirit world conducted by
a culture or cultures of highly proficient open ocean navigators for whom
precision was a literal matter of life and death. And the proof of their
supreme competence is the very fact of the existence of their descendants
living on every piece of habitable land in the Pacific, an ocean which covers
half our planet’s surface.
It must have been quite an event to set these ancient
Argonauts on such a journey.
